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30 June 2024, Volume 43 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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Collaborate for High-efficiency Oil Displacement and Final Burial; Accelerate Development of CCUS New Quality Productive Forces Liao Guangzhi, Wang Gaofeng, Wang Zhengmao, Dong Weihong, Lei Zhengdong, Cao Chen, Zheng Da, Wang Hongzhuang, Liu Weidong, Gao Ming, Huang Zhijia 2024, 43(3): 1-9.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (3579KB) ( )   The displacement efficiency of supercritical state CO2 flooding are obviously better than those of other common displacement media, such as methane and nitrogen. The field CO2 flooding practice indicates that CO2 miscible displacement is able to improve the final oil recovery factor by 10 to 25 percentages compared to water flooding. CO2 flooding can remarkably increase the recoverable reserve of low-permeability reservoirs. It is the same important development method as water flooding and a technology that can dramatically enhance oil recovery. Therefore, it is the new quality productive forces for oil and gas development in the new era. In addition to the mechanism of increasing oil and gas production, CO2 flooding can also achieve carbon sequestration and contribute carbon indicators to carbon neutrality. It is necessary to establish an all-new production engineering and technological system suitable for CO2 flooding, including reservoir engineering for high-efficiency development and permanent burial, wellbore engineering for all-new injection, producing and geological storage, all-new surface engineering of closed process flow, and a network of CO2 transportation pipelines to ensure the integrity of CCUS wellbore, surface processes, geological bodies, and project management, as well as the standardization of reservoir engineering. It is proposed to establish a pragmatic workable financial and tax policy support system, cultivate a group of CCUS professional talents, and accelerate some key field pilot tests of CCUS-EGR, and realize the integration development with new energy business.

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Research and Thinking on New Model of Marine Areas Integrated Development for China’s Offshore Oil and Gas Mi Lijun, Fan Ting’en, Yuan Zhiwang, Fu Dianfu 2024, 43(3): 10-17.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (3967KB) ( )   In recent years, the offshore oil and gas area has become the main force for increase of China’s oil and gas OOIP and production. Offshore oil and gas resources development is in close relation with offshore engineering system. Both of them are continuously in coupling and matching with each other to improve the offshore oil and gas development model from independent development to joint development and then regional development, bringing about significant growth in offshore oil and gas production. Currently, offshore oil and gas exploration and development faces the new situation including the deteriorating quality of the newly-found OOIP, the difficulty of keeping production of the old oilfields stable, unified planning of the underground and surface conditions, and green low-carbon demands. Traditional development models are difficult to meet the new situation owing to the phased, regional and specialized restraints. Taking the whole offshore area into account, this article proposes to establish a new fullcycle marine area integrated development model centering space-areal collaboration between the “underground resources network” and the “surface engineering network” and make a unified plan for underground oil and gas resources, surface engineering facilities and production operation. It also comes up with the main pathway and concrete method for marine area integrated development focusing on the six new methods of offshore exploration target evaluation, preliminary study, engineering system, economic evaluation, production operation and project management. The new model for integrated offshore oil and gas development is helpful to cost-effectiveness of the system, release of the scale effects, enhancement of synergy among different specializations, and development of new quality production forces for offshore oil and gas industry.

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Situation, Challenges and Prospects for Stable Production of China’s Old Oilfields Wang Yongzhen, Wu Yugeng, Men Xiangyong 2024, 43(3): 18-23.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (3241KB) ( )   China’s old oilfields have a great potential for the remaining oil resources though they came under a stage of high water cut and high recovery degree following many years of production. It is difficult for sustainably economic and effective development. However, those old oilfields are still the main battlefields of the nation’s oil development and continue to play a decisive role in securing China’s oil supply. To keep the production of the old oilfields stable faced the challenges in four areas -- inadequate stand-by resources deterioration of resources, difficulties for recovery caused by complicated geological conditions, poor economic properties but high requirements on engineering technology, and difficulties for large-scale replacement in the new areas and the new fields. The typical old oilfields adopted a series of countermeasures, such as iteration and modernization of EOR technology, fine reservoir characterization for optimization of the development plan, improving performance for increase in reserves and acceleration of productivity construction, and opening up the new battlefield of shale oil for expansion of the new field. This article analyzes seven typical old oilfields of Daqing, Changqing, Xinjiang, Shengli, Northwest, Bohai and Yanchang. It concludes that China has the clear objectives and applicable conditions for increasing the reserves and keeping the production stable at the old oilfields. The production can be hopefully kept stable for a relatively long period of time in spite of the difficulties. To further tap the resources potential of the old oilfields, it is proposed to strengthen the efforts for restructuring of the oil resources management system, focus on execution of the large-scale projects of increasing reserves and keeping production stable, enhance innovation of key technology and equipment, and perfect the preferential policies on exploration and development of oil and gas resources.

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Optimized Directions for High-quality Development Strategy of Unconventional Oil and Gas Liu Chaoxia, Bao Jingwei, Chen Jianjun, Guo Jianlin, Chen Yanpeng 2024, 43(3): 24-31.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (3117KB) ( )   In the past decade, fossil energy has been apparently diversified from the conventional oil and gas area to the unconventional area like tight oil/shale oil, tight gas/shale gas and underground coal gasification. As the types of oil and gas reservoirs are increased, the differences exist in the scale and grade of reserves as well as the difficulties for exploration and development and economic performance. To bring about large-scale and cost-effective development of different oil and gas reservoirs and green highquality development, it is necessary to make an option for the future fossil energy development directions and types. This paper analyzes the change law, status quo and future development trend of the Chinese and foreign energy consumption structure, pointing out that coal and petroleum still keep the dominant position while the proportion of natural gas is on the rise year by year. Fossil energy of the different types was brought under the comparative study in terms of the main indexes, such as energy density per unit volume, scale of resource, development cost, development status and technical maturity. The results indicate that underground coal gasification is the highest for energy density and recoverable reserve with low production cost. It has some technological advantages to increase natural gas supply, accelerate green low-carbon coal industrial development and help fulfillment of the carbon neutrality goal. Underground coal gasification can be optimized as the strategic direction for unconventional oil and gas, thus opening up a new way for high-quality development.

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Research on Coal-to-oil Industrial Development Based on Collaborative Guarantee of Energy Security Guo Wei, Wu Yugen, Yang Lili 2024, 43(3): 32-39.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (2840KB) ( )   China’s coal-dominated energy structure cannot be changed in a short period of time because the nation's resources are characterized zed in“ abundant coal, shortage of oil and inadequate quantity of gas”. Appropriate development of the coal-to-oil industry by means of innovative technology is of great strategic significance to solving China’s shortage of oil resources and securing the country’s energy supply. China has made a substantial progress in its coal-to-oil industry in recent years. The sector is satisfactory for its scale and economic performance. Particularly, the important breakthroughs were made in independent research and development of key coal-to-oil technology and equipment, enabling the nation to stand on the world’s forefront. However, the country still faces some problems, such as the prices of coal and oil, water consumption, energy consumption, and operational cost of investment. From the viewpoint of long-term development, coal-to-oil can be used as an important way for the nation to improve its independent capacity to secure oil supply in the emergency cases. In the principles of“ focusing on technology ahead of time, bringing the total volume under control and pursuing a healthy development”, this sector is supposed to develop itself in harmony with traditional energy, in coupling with the clean energy industrial distribution, in healthy reciprocation with traditional petrochemical industry, and in production of a new CCUS momentum. The coal-to-oil sector can fully maintain the nation’s energy security if necessary. At the usual time, oil products and chemicals should be brought under unified arrangement and produced jointly according to the market demands, and switch flexibly to keep the operational sustainability of coal-to-oil facilities.

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Innovation of Key Exploration and Development Theory and Technology Helps Increase Oil and Gas Reserves and Production Wang Luxin, Men Xiangyong, Dong Ligong 2024, 43(3): 40-48.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (2704KB) ( )   China’s oil and gas demand rises is growing at a high level and mainly depends on imports. The inadequate self-sufficient capacity is the biggest bottleneck for the nation’s energy security. More efforts for innovation of oil and gas exploration and development theory and technology can enlarge the boundaries of resource exploration and development and increase the total amount of recoverable resources at a lower production cost. That is the fundamental dynamics and important way for increase of reserves and production. The initial statistics indicates that China’s newly-found oilfields with 100-million-ton reserves and gas fields with 100-billion-cubic-meter reserves were accumulated to 18 and 21 separately between 2011 and 2020. The newly-added proven oil and natural gas in place were accumulated to more than 100×108t and more than 10×1012m3 respectively. Meanwhile, innovation of key exploration and development theory and technology led to a total of 25 technological progress prizes at the state level with a 32.1 percent contribution rate for China’s oil and gas reserve growth, a 39.6 percent rate for the oil reserve growth and a 24 percent rate for the natural gas reserve growth. To accelerate breakthrough in key technological innovation as well as transformation and application of important scientific research achievement, this article proposes to enhance efforts for construction of innovation joint-venture and basic scientific research platform, perfect the examination and incentive mechanism for scientific research and accelerate marketoriented reform of oilfield service enterprises.

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Development Management System of World’s First-class Oil Companies Li Yong, Gao Yan, Sun Liang, Han Rubing, Liu Shuangshuang 2024, 43(3): 49-60.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (8042KB) ( )   In recent years, the Chinese oil enterprises have displayed their technological capacity and accumulated rich experiences in their efforts to participate in international oil and gas cooperation projects and compete with their world’s first-class counterparts. This article studies and analyzes the advanced management cases of world’s first-class oil companies, and systematically summarizes the effective roles of the first-class platform in the construction of scheme design system, execution guarantee system, technology and talent support system, and standard specification system. The construction of scheme design system includes the management of such aspects as scheme level, model iteration and pilot experiment. The construction of execution guarantee system includes the optimization of data quality, examination mechanism and reservoir health. The construction of technology and talent support system includes the improvement of data sharing, technological innovation and talent cultivation. The construction of the standard specification system includes the formulation of management standard, implementation standard and technological standard. It is suggested that China’s oil companies should learn from the advanced management experience of world's first-class oil companies and establish their own development management system. Through the “1+4+5” management framework, the organization and management system centering the development plan is established. Meanwhile, the plan design pattern centering the reservoir model can be developed on the basis of the “1+6+3” execution method, thus promoting the rapid growth of enterprises into world’s first-class companies.

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Establishment and Application of Evaluation System for Tuha Oilfield Development Benefits Li Yanming, Hu Zhisheng, Li Keguo, Shu Kun, Ding Dahu 2024, 43(3): 61-68.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (3125KB) ( )   With the campaign mounted by CNPC for improvement of quality and performance being unfolded, evaluation of benefits is highlighted in the efforts to promote high-quality development of the oilfields. Tuha Oilfield tried to change itself into a reservoir operational manager from a reservoir manager and established the integrated evaluation system for oilfield development benefits. Based on “integration of business and finance”, this system focuses on comprehensive evaluation of oilfield development benefits with the help of special evaluations for productivity construction, stimulation measures for higher production and EOR benefits. The main production activities of the oilfield are brought under overall evaluation covering detailed summarization of cost, fine classification of products, fine production activities and fine evaluation technology. The evaluation method of comparing revenue with cost is adopted to evaluate the benefits at five levels of the company, oil production management zones, oil and gas fields, blocks and individual wells. In addition, evaluation of benefits also covers all the stimulation measures for higher production, productivity construction and new wells, and EOR projects. The evaluation system can analyze the cost elements influencing benefits, evaluate in detail the benefits contributed from the main production activities and identify the main factors and problems affecting overall benefits in order to provide technological support for the oilfield company to make macro decisions and give the production units concrete instructions to improve their business benefits.

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International Oil and Gas Reserve Trading Characteristics and On-the-market Reserve Value-assessing Method Duan Xiaowen,Feng Qiao,Dai Chuanrui,Wang Xia,Fu Ling,Sun Qiufen 2024, 43(3): 69-76.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (3899KB) ( )   The main elements of China’s domestic oil and gas market became diversified as the reform of the national oil, gas and mineral resource was accelerated. It is of vital importance to establish the reserve value-assessing system suitable for China’s market trading. This article analyzes a large amount of international oil and gas reserve trading cases and summarizes the relations of trading prices with reserves of the different grades, the different producing degrees and the different resource types. Following analysis of the law for trading price variations under the high, middle and low oil prices, the article draws the conclusion that the grade, area and producing degree of reserves are the important factors influencing reserve trading. The certainty of reserves is in positive proportion to the development ratio and the average price of single-barrel reserve while the reserve-production ratio is in reverse proportion to the average price of single-barrel reserve. The single-barrel trading price of confirmed reserves is relatively higher in Australia and North American region. Of the unconventional reserves, the single-barrel price of compact oil/shale oil is higher than the prices of compact gas/shale gas and CBM. The article also comes up with the experience formula for oil and gas reserve trading prices under the marketing conditions, providing the references for establishment of China’s oil and gas reserve value-assessing method.

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Development and Prospect of Technology and Equipment for High-efficiency Deepwater Oil and Gas Development Zhang Wei 2024, 43(3): 77-84.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (5919KB) ( )   The deepwater oil and gas area has become the hot spot of oil and gas exploration and development both inside and outside China in recent years. China has made a remarkable progress in its deepwater oil and gas exploration and development between the 11th Five-year Plan period and the 14th Five-year Plan period. The nation has experienced three“ take-off ” stages--from shallow-water development to deepwater development, from cooperative development to independent development, and from a follower to a runaway leader in some areas. A series of high-efficiency deepwater oil and development theories has been established, covering integrated assessment of regional development, drilling a few wells for high-yield and high-efficiency development, cost-effectiveness based on intelligence technology, and independently controllable high-end equipment. Based on the deepwater oil and gas exploration and high-efficiency development theories, CNOOC focused on high-efficiency, economic and safe deepwater oil and gas development and established the deepwater oil and gas “exploration-development-drilling and production-engineering” integrated technological system. It created 10 benchmark high-efficiency deepwater technology and theory, such as the geological theory on epicontinental deepwater oil and gas exploration in the northern part of the South China Sea, deepwater broadband seismic exploration technology,and fine characterization technology for deepwater oil and gas fields and reservoirs. In addition, CNOOC also developed six types of high-efficiency development equipment including geophysical exploration equipment and deepwater semi-submersible drilling platform and equipment. In the future, the offshore oil company will further enhance the study of the key technology and equipment, such as deepwater exploration theory and technology, high-efficiency deepwater oil and gas field development, drilling and completion in the ultra-deep area, deepwater floating LNG development, and full underwater oil and gas treatment. It will accelerate high-efficiency deepwater oil and gas field development in the South China Sea, laying a solid foundation for China's high-efficiency development of deepwater oil and gas fields in the South China Sea.

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Progress and Research Direction in“ Four Improvements” Technology of Petroleum Engineering Sun Bingxiang,Cheng Hai,Bi Yantao 2024, 43(3): 85-94.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (4138KB) ( )   In recent years, Sinopec Oilfield Service Corporation continued to make study of the key petroleum engineering technology, improve the related equipment and focus on the information development direction to modernize a variety of technologies. In the light of the petroleum engineering objectives to“ improve quality, speed, efficiency and production”, this article elaborates a series of petroleum engineering technological achievements as result of “four improvements”, such as rotary steering,casing drilling, drilling string automation equipment, re-construction of wellbore, and re-fracturing. Significant progress was also made in engineering quality, drilling speed, service efficiency, and production from oil and gas wells, effectively supporting exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep layers and unconventional and low-graded oil and gas resources. With the exploration targets becoming increasingly complicated and development increasingly difficult, it is necessary to further promote highefficiency and high-quality development of oil and gas resources by means of technological innovation and equipment modernization. Based on the existing theories and practice, it is proposed to make efforts for cross-disciplinary integration and empowering, develop disruptive technologies and couple professional information knowledge to re-accelerate improvement of petroleum engineering technologies.

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Research and Practice of DAS Joint VSP and 3D Surface Seismic Technology Used in Remaining Oil Development Zone of Ansai Oilfield, Changqing Chen Ce,Wang Xuegang,Chen Haolin,Dai Bo,Zhou Liping,Huang Jianhua 2024, 43(3): 95-103.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (21626KB) ( )   The development zone of Ansai Oilfield, Changqing, was typically characterized for its low-permeability, low-porosity and low-yield conditions and complicated surface and underground conditions. To solve the problem related to prediction of remaining oil from the old field, BGP Inc. adopted the research mindset of borehole-surface seismic integration and developed and tested the DAS joint VSP and 3D surface seismic technology to predict the remaining oil of the development zone for the first time in China. The DAS joint VSP and 3D surface seismic exploration led to reciprocation of the advantages between surface seismic survey and in-thewell seismic survey, thus achieving good results. (1) Based on synchronous well drive processing, the fidelity and resolution of 3D seismic data were apparently improved, widening the effective frequency bands by more than 8 percent. (2) Based on the study of remaining oil prediction by means of well-seismic and borehole-surface seismic integrated description of static reservoir, the possibilities of the surface single seismic interpretations was reduced and the smaller geological units was able to be identified, providing the reliable data for fine development of the oilfield. (3) The DAS joint VSP and 3D surface seismic technology helped Ansai Oilfield increase its geological reserve and effectively raised the production by adjusting the measures for tapping the potential of the low-yield and low-efficiency well patterns. The study indicates that the DAS joint VSP and 3D surface seismic technology is an effective technological method to improve characterization of micro structure and the accuracy of reservoir and fluid prediction in the oilfield development process. This technology can help geophysical technology extend into oilfield development and develop towards borehole-surface seismic stereoscopic exploration, providing support for old oilfields to increase production and efficiency and accelerate high-efficiency development.

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Application of Analysis and Decision-making Support System of CSG Production Forecast in Production Management of Upstream and Downstream Integration Projects Li Yanchen, Liu Jie, Wang Zhen 2024, 43(3): 104-111.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (8486KB) ( )   Using a large quantity of production for coal seam gas (CSG) production forecast is a challenge for management of the large-scale upstream and downstream integration projects. To solve this problem, the overseas technological team of Sinopec Oil and Gas Australia Pty Ltd has developed the analysis and decision-making support system of CSG production forecast. This system uses the main application software of SQL, Spotfire, OFM and Enersight as the bottom platform and constructs four main modules of data integration, data analysis, conversion of forecast and application of results by means of development and integration for the second time. Focusing on the complexity of CSG production forecast and related common problems, the system makes analysis of CSG production forecast in terms of general conditions, analogy and decline, thus bringing about high-efficiency management of production forecast. This system is easy and quick to operate and characterized for its solid process, clear division of work and teamwork. The application cases showed the system was designed for a tremendous quantity of data, focused on the key areas from top to bottom and surface to point, and effectively screened out the key problems in connection with production forecast. It also comes up with the feasible revision plan to effectively improve the CSG production forecast accuracy, providing helpful support and guarantee for making decisions on investment.

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Discussion and Analysis of Offshore CCS/CCUS Service Model Huang Jie, Zhang Xinping, Chen Zhao, Sun Jiuqiang, Jia Zhenchong, Hua Zejun 2024, 43(3): 112-117.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2024.03.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (2760KB) ( )   China’s petroleum enterprises have taken an active part in international cooperative oil and gas projects in recent years. Geological storage and utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key technology to solve greenhouse gas emission and fulfill the “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” objective. From the angles of the CCS/CCUS service classification and the CO2 sources, this article analyzes the offshore CCS/CCUS projects worldwide and summarizes four types of offshore CCS/CCUS service model. Based on the factors like the CO2 phase variation and impurity content, the article studies the influence of CO2 functions and analyzes the bottlenecks in matching of offshore CO2 sources, transportation and injection. Taking into account the present conditions and development demands of domestic offshore CCS/CCUS business, it clarifies the future orientations for offshore CCS/CCUS service technological development in three areas--the model for matching source sink in the form of offshore CO2 cluster and hub, optimization of injection model and systematic equipment R&D, and the ability for flow-keeping technology.