《巴黎协定》背景下国际自愿碳市场发展状况及启示

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-302X.2025.04.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 全球气候治理体系正经历以《巴黎协定》为导向的深刻变革。《巴黎协定》第6 条市场机制为国际碳交易与合作提供了新的途径，包括国际转移减缓成果（6.2款）和联合国集中管理的碳交易机制（6.4款）。第6条在谈判与实施中面临细节设计的复杂性和利益平衡的挑战，特别是机制透明度、环境完整性及全球公平性方面的问题仍需进一步明确。全球一系列试点项目初步展示了这一机制的可行性和减排潜力，证明其在促进资金、技术流动及推动气候适应措施等方面发挥重要作用。目前，国际碳市场呈现机制多元化与区域协作深化特征，但环境完整性争议与技术性壁垒仍未完全破解。我国需加快制度衔接创新，通过试点经验、标准互认等手段积极参与全球碳定价体系重构。

关键词: 气候治理；《巴黎协定》第六条；国际碳市场；碳定价机制；“双碳”战略

Abstract: Global climate governance system is experiencing a profound revolution guided by the Paris Agreement. Article 6 of the agreement introduces innovative mechanisms for international carbon and cooperation, including the Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (Article 6.2) and the UN-managed Centralized Carbon Trading System (Article 6.4). However, negotiation and implementation of Article 6 faces the challenges related to complexity of its design and balance of interests, particularly the issues of transparency, environmental integrity, and global equity requiring further clarification and refinement.Despite these challenges, the pilot project worldwide have demonstrated the feasibility and mitigation potential of these mechanisms. They highlight the role of Article 6 in facilitating financial and technological flows and advancing climate adaptation measures. Currently, the international carbon market is characterized in diversification and regional collaboration but the disputes over environmental integrity and technological barriers remained unsolved. It is necessary for China to accelerate innovation for connection of system and take active part in reconstruction of global carbon prizing system by means of experiences of the pilot projects and mutual acceptance of standards.

Key words: climate governance; Article 6 of the Paris Agreement; international carbon market; carbon prizing mechanism; the “dual carbon” strategy

中图分类号:

X321
D996.9

朱伟卿. 《巴黎协定》背景下国际自愿碳市场发展状况及启示[J]. 石油科技论坛, 2025, 44(4): 89-97.

Zhu Weiqing. Current Development of International Voluntary Carbon Market Against Background of the Paris Agreement[J]. Petroleum Science and Technology Forum, 2025, 44(4): 89-97.

参考文献

[1] 《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处.《巴黎协定》[EB/OL]. (2007-06-06)[2024-12-28]. https://unfccc.int/zh/guojiazizhugongxian-ndczixun/balixieding.
UNFCCC. Paris Agreement. [EB/OL]. (2007-06-06) [2024-12-28].https://unfccc.int/zh/guojiazizhugongxian-ndc-zixun/balixieding.
[2] 王硕, 张丽华. 国际碳交易机制复杂化及中国应对[J]. 国际展望,2021, 13(3): 42-57, 153-154.
Wang Shuo, Zhang Lihua. Complexity of international carbon trading mechanisms and response from China[J]. Global Review,2021, 13(3): 42-57, 153-154.
[3] 曾文革, 江莉.《巴黎协定》下我国碳市场机制的发展桎梏与纾困路径[J]. 东岳论丛, 2022, 43(2): 105-114, 192.
Zeng Wenge, Jiang Li. Hurdles for development of China’s carbonmarket mechanisms and bailing out pathways under the Paris Agreement[J]. Dongyue Tribune, 2022, 43(2): 105-114, 192.
[4] 赵骏, 孟令浩. 我国碳排放权交易规则体系的构建与完善: 基于国际法治与国内法治互动的视野[J]. 湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2021, 48(5): 120-131, 169.
Zhao Jun, Meng Linghao. Construction and perfection of the system for China’s carbon emission rights trading rules: Panorama based on interaction between international and domestic legal system[J]. Journal of Hubei University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2021, 48(5): 120-131, 169.
[5] 林立身, 马晓青, 代福博, 等. COP29: 国际碳市场启动的焦点问题和进展展望[EB/OL]. (2024-12-10) [2024-12-28]. https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20241210/1415959.shtml.
Lin Lishen, Ma Xiaoqing, Dai Fubo, et al. COP29: Critical issues of starting international carbon market and prospect for progress in this area[EB/OL]. (2024-12-10)[2024-12-28]. https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20241210/1415959.shtml.
[6] Fallon K, Jee Z. Article 6 can make or break carbon markets at COP29. Here’s all you need to know[EB/OL]. (2024-10-29)[2025-03-30]. https://www. catf. us/2024/10/article-6-make-break-carbonmarkets-cop29-heres-all-you-need-know/.
[7] 气候变化的原因和影响[EB/OL]. (2022-03-18)[2024-12-28]. https://www.un.org/zh/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change.Causes and influences of climate changes[EB/OL]. (2022-03-18)[2024-12-28]. https://www.un.org/zh/climatechange/science/causeseffects-climate-change.
[8] World Bank Group. What you need to know: Standardized crediting framework promises less paperwork, more payments for carbon emissions reductions[EB/OL]. (2020-06-19) [2025-03-29]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/19/standardized-creditingframework-promises-less-paperwork-more-payments-for-carbonemissions-reductions.
[9] 陈元哲, 李怒云 . 全球自愿碳市场及运行机制现状和挑战[EB/OL]. (2024-12-19)[2024-12-28]. http://www.news.cn/fortune/2024-12/19/c_1212408490.htm.
Chen Yuanzhe, Li Nuyun. Current conditions and challenges of global voluntary carbon market and operational mechanisms[EB/OL]. (2024-12-19)[2024-12-28]. http://www.news.cn/fortune/2024-12/19/c_1212408490.htm.
[10] Di Leva C E, Vaughan S. Will new Article 6 rules restore confidence in carbon markets?[EB/OL]. (2024-12-28)[2025-03-15].https://illuminem. com/illuminemvoices/will-new-article-6-rules-restoreconfidence-in-carbon-markets.
[11] Greiner S, Chagas T, Kr?mer N, et al. Moving towards next generation carbon markets: Observations from Article 6 pilots[D/OL]. Zurich: University of Zurich, 2019.[2025-03-21]. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/336574898_Moving_towards_next_generation_carbon_markets_observations_from_Article_6_pilots.
[12] Ivy Yin, Market Specialist-Energy Transition. Commodities 2024:China’s domestic carbon market set for revamp; Article 6 in limbo[EB/OL]. (2024-01-17) [2024-12-28]. https://www. spglobal. com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/energy-transition/011724-chinas-domestic-carbon-market-set-for-revamp-in-2024-article-6-in-limbo.
[13] Article 6 pipeline[EB/OL]. (2025-03-11) [2025-03-21]. https://unepccc.org/article-6-pipeline/.
[14] Mazzochi R, Meng S (Molly), Xi S, et al. China’s approach to voluntary carbon markets and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement[EB/OL]. [2025-03-04]. https://www. kwm. com/hk/en/insights/latestthinking/chinas-approach-to-voluntary-carbon-markets-and-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement.html.
[15] 碳汇基金会 . 可再生能源碳信用被高诚信计划拒绝[EB/OL].(2024-08-13) [2025-03-21]. https://xn--6oq29spurowlws4a. cn/sf_62B6F3B716874BCB99BBFE1CA5C8E689_227_D3521F8F997.html?utm_source.com.
China Green Carbon Foundation. Renewable energy carbon credit refused by the high credit plan[EB/OL]. (2024-08-13) [2025-03-21]. https://xn--6oq29spurowlws4a. cn/sf_62B6F3B716874BCB99BBFE1CA5C8E689_227_D3521F8F997.html?utm_source.com.
[16] Article 6 in Action: Business insights & implementation trends[EB/OL]. (2024-12-01) [2025-03-21]. https://ieta. b-cdn. net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IETA_Resources_Report_A6-Pulse-Survey.V3. pdf?utm_source.com.
[17] 从数十亿到数万亿: 设定气候资金新目标[EB/OL]. (2024-04-29)[2024-12-28]. https://unfccc.int/zh/news/congshushiyidaoshuwanyishedingqihouzijinxinmubiao.From billions to trillions: Set the new goal for climate fund[EB/OL]. (2024-04-29) [2024-12-28]. https://unfccc. int/zh/news/congshushiyidaoshuwanyi-shedingqihouzijinxinmubiao.
[18] COP29大会闭幕, 奠定碳市场国际化进程[EB/OL]. (2024-12-02)[2024-12-28]. https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2024-12-02/doc-incyafyk8626737.shtml.
COP29 Congress closes, foundation laid for carbon market internationalization process[EB/OL]. (2024-12-02) [2024-12-28].https://finance. sina. com. cn/roll/2024-12-02/doc-incyafyk8626737.shtml.
[19] COP29开幕; 光伏产品出口退税率降至9%; 曾毓群称宁德时代仍将考虑赴美建厂[EB/OL]. (2024-11-18) [2025-03-15]. https://www.163.com/dy/article/JH97TUN505118O92.html.
COP29 opens; Export rebate rate for photovoltaic products declines to 9 percent; Zeng Yuqun says CATL is still considering to establish a factory in the United States[EB/OL]. (2024-11-18) [2025-03-15].https://www.163.com/dy/article/JH97TUN505118O92.html.
[20] 2025 年全球碳市场规模有望进一步扩大[EB/OL]. (2024-12-20)[2025-03-15]. https://www.eco.gov.cn/news_info/74144.html.
The scale of 2025 global carbon market likely to be further expanded[EB/OL]. (2024-12-20) [2025-03-15]. https://www. eco.gov.cn/news_info/74144.html.
[21] 林水静. 全国碳市场扩围在即: 今年CCER市场活跃度有望跃升[N]. 中国能源报, 2025-01-20(10).
Lin Shuijing. Enlargement of nationwide carbon market coming soon: CCER market activity likely to rise this year[N]. China Energy News, 2025-01-20(10).
[22] 中国石油新闻中心 . 从 COP29 看全球低碳转型前景[EB/OL].(2024-11-19) [2025-03-15]. http://news. cnpc. com. cn/system/2024/11/19/030147886.shtml.
CNPC News Center. Look into the prospect of global low-carbon transition from angle of COP29[EB/OL]. (2024-11-19) [2025-03-15]. http://news.cnpc.com.cn/system/2024/11/19/030147886.shtml.